diff --git a/src/game/genetics/allele.hpp b/src/game/genetics/allele.hpp
index e39ed80..ef8f2ef 100644
--- a/src/game/genetics/allele.hpp
+++ b/src/game/genetics/allele.hpp
@@ -20,17 +20,19 @@
 #ifndef ANTKEEPER_ALLELE_HPP
 #define ANTKEEPER_ALLELE_HPP
 
+#include <cstdint>
+
 namespace dna
 {
 
 /// Enumerates allele types.
-enum class allele: bool
+enum allele: std::uint8_t
 {
 	/// Indicates an allele is recessive.
-	recessive = false,
+	recessive = 0,
 	
 	/// Indicates an allele is dominant.
-	dominant = true
+	dominant = 1
 };
 
 } // namespace dna
diff --git a/src/game/genetics/gene.hpp b/src/game/genetics/gene.hpp
index 0de648e..324939f 100644
--- a/src/game/genetics/gene.hpp
+++ b/src/game/genetics/gene.hpp
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@
 #ifndef ANTKEEPER_GENE_HPP
 #define ANTKEEPER_GENE_HPP
 
-#include "allele.hpp"
+#include <cstdint>
 
 namespace dna
 {
 
-/// A gene with two alleles.
-typedef std::array<allele, 2> gene;
+/// A 2-bit gene with two alleles.
+typedef std::uint8_t gene;
 
 } // namespace dna
 
diff --git a/src/game/genetics/genetic-operators.hpp b/src/game/genetics/genetic-operators.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..574e5de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/game/genetics/genetic-operators.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020  Christopher J. Howard
+ *
+ * This file is part of Antkeeper source code.
+ *
+ * Antkeeper source code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Antkeeper source code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Antkeeper source code.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANTKEEPER_GENETIC_OPERATORS_HPP
+#define ANTKEEPER_GENETIC_OPERATORS_HPP
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace dna
+{
+
+/**
+ * Performs a genetic crossover on a range of interleaved allele blocks defined by `[first1, last1)`.
+ *
+ * @param[in] first1,last1 First range of interleaved allele blocks to crossover. 
+ * @param[in] first2 Beginning of the the second range of interleaved allele blocks to crossover.
+ * @param[out] d_first Beginning of the destination range.
+ * @param[in,out] g A uniform random bit generator.
+ * @return Output iterator to the block past the last block crossed over. 
+ */
+template <class InputIt1, class InputIt2, class OutputIt, class URBG>
+OutputIt crossover(InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1, InputIt2 first2, OutputIt d_first, URBG&& g)
+{
+	typedef typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type block_t;
+	static constexpr std::size_t bits_per_block = sizeof(block_t) << 3;
+	
+	while (first1 != last1)
+	{
+		block_t block = 0;
+		
+		for (std::size_t i = 0; i < bits_per_block;)
+		{
+			block_t allele1 = ((*first1) >> (i + (g() % 2))) & 1;
+			block_t allele2 = ((*first2) >> (i + (g() % 2))) & 1;
+			
+			block |= allele1 << i++;
+			block |= allele2 << i++;
+		}
+		
+		*d_first++ = block;
+		++first1;
+		++first2;
+	}
+	
+	return d_first;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs a genetic mutation by flipping the bit of a single allele in a range of interleaved allele blocks defined by `[first1, last1)`.
+ *
+ * @param[in,out] first,last Range of interleaved allele blocks to mutate. 
+ * @param[in,out] g A uniform random bit generator.
+ * @return Locus of the mutated allele.
+ */
+template <class RandomIt, class URBG>
+typename std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::difference_type mutate(RandomIt first, RandomIt last, URBG&& g)
+{
+	typedef typename std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::value_type block_t;
+	typedef typename std::iterator_traits<RandomIt>::difference_type diff_t;
+	static constexpr diff_t bits_per_block = sizeof(block_t) << 3;
+	
+	diff_t i = g() % ((last - first) * bits_per_block);
+	first[i / bits_per_block] ^= block_t(1) << (i % bits_per_block);
+	
+	return i;
+}
+
+} // namespace dna
+
+#endif // ANTKEEPER_GENETIC_OPERATORS_HPP
diff --git a/src/game/genetics/zygosity.hpp b/src/game/genetics/zygosity.hpp
index 549edca..b67bcce 100644
--- a/src/game/genetics/zygosity.hpp
+++ b/src/game/genetics/zygosity.hpp
@@ -26,39 +26,39 @@ namespace dna
 {
 
 /// A homozygous recessive gene.
-static constexpr gene homozygous_recessive = {allele::recessive, allele::recessive};
+static constexpr gene homozygous_recessive = 0b00;
 
 /// A homozygous dominant gene.
-static constexpr gene homozygous_dominant = {allele::recessive, allele::recessive};
+static constexpr gene homozygous_dominant = 0b11;
 	
 /// Returns `true` if gene @p x is heterozygous, `false` otherwise.
-bool is_heterozygous(const gene& x);
+bool is_heterozygous(gene x);
 
 /// Returns `true` if gene @p x is homozygous, `false` otherwise.
-bool is_homozygous(const gene& x);
+bool is_homozygous(gene x);
 
 /// Returns `true` if gene @p x is homozygous recessive, `false` otherwise.
-bool is_homozygous_recessive(const gene& x);
+bool is_homozygous_recessive(gene x);
 
 /// Returns `true` if gene @p x is homozygous dominant, `false` otherwise.
-bool is_homozygous_dominant(const gene& x);
+bool is_homozygous_dominant(gene x);
 
-inline bool is_heterozygous(const gene& x)
+inline bool is_heterozygous(gene x)
 {
-	return x[0] != x[1];
+	return x - 1 < 2;
 }
 
-inline bool is_homozygous(const gene& x)
+inline bool is_homozygous(gene x)
 {
-	return x[0] == x[1];
+	return (x & 1) == (x >> 1);
 }
 
-inline bool is_homozygous_recessive(const gene& x)
+inline bool is_homozygous_recessive(gene x)
 {
 	return x == homozygous_recessive;
 }
 
-inline bool is_homozygous_dominant(const gene& x)
+inline bool is_homozygous_dominant(gene x)
 {
 	return x == homozygous_dominant;
 }